Multi-level routing architecture in a field programmable gate array having transmitters and receivers

ABSTRACT

A routing architecture in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) having a plurality of logic clusters wherein each logic cluster has at least two sub-clusters. The logic clusters are arranged in rows and columns and each logic clusters has a plurality of receiver components, a plurality of transmitter components, at least one buffer module, at least one sequential logic component and at least one combinatorial logic component. A first-level routing architecture is programmably coupled to the logic clusters and a second-level routing architecture is programmably coupled to the logic clusters and to the first-level routing architecture through at least one of the transmitter components and at least one of the receiver components.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/074,922, filed Mar. 7, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/323,613, filed Dec. 18, 2002, now issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,871, which are hereby incorporated by referenceas if set forth herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE SYSTEM

1. Field of the System

The present system relates to field programmable gate array (FPGA)devices. More specifically, the system relates to a multi-level routingarchitecture having transmitters and receivers between logic modules inan FPGA that will increase the performance in the FPGA.

2. Background

FPGAs are known in the art. An FPGA comprises any number of logicmodules, an interconnect routing architecture and programmable elementsthat may be programmed to selectively interconnect the logic modules toone another and to define the functions of the logic modules. An FPGA isan array of uncommitted gates with uncommitted wiring channels. Toimplement a particular circuit function, the circuit is mapped into anarray and the wiring channels' appropriate connections are programmed toimplement the necessary wiring connections that form the user circuit.

An FPGA circuit can be programmed to implement virtually any set offunctions. Input signals are processed by the programmed circuit toproduce the desired set of outputs. Such inputs flow from a user'ssystem, through input buffers and through the circuit, and finally backout the user's system via output buffers. Such buffers provide any orall of the following input/output (I/O) functions: voltage gain, currentgain, level translation, delay, signal isolation or hysteresis.

An FPGA core tile may be employed as a stand-alone FPGA, repeated in arectangular array of core tiles, or included with other devices in asystem-on-a-chip (SOC). The core FPGA tile may include an array of logicmodules, and input/output modules. An FPGA core tile may also includeother components such as read only memory (ROM) modules. Horizontal andvertical routing channels provide interconnections between the variouscomponents within an FPGA core tile. Programmable connections areprovided by programmable elements between the routing resources.

The programmable elements in an FPGA can be either one-time programmableor re-programmable. Re-programmable elements used in FPGA technologiesmay comprise transistors or other re-programmable elements as is wellknown to those of ordinary skill in the art. One-time programmableelements used in FPGA technologies may comprise antifuse devices.

The interconnect routing architecture in a large FPGA that has longtracks may be cumbersome and slow due to the length of the tracks andthe capacitive load of all the unprogrammed programmable elements on thetracks. The delay on the track is proportional to the square of thetrack length.

One method that has been used to circumvent the excessive track lengthproblem is to insert repeaters (bi-directional buffers) at interimdistances on the long-distance track. However, each of the repeatersneeds at least two additional direction control signals that have to beselectively programmed to conform with the assigned net. The additionalcontrol signals add to the area, and therefore the cost, of the deviceand the complexity of the routing software.

Another method used to circumvent the excessive track length problem isto depopulate the tracks by reducing the number of programmableelements. This reduces the capacitive loading, (fewer programmableelements) and also reduces the connectivity of these tracks. However,this also reduces the flexibility of routing solutions and increases thechance of design failures.

Yet another method used to circumvent the excessive track length problemis to create a hierarchical routing architecture. In a hierarchicalrouting architecture, a signal has to transfer “up” the hierarchy,travel the distance, and then transfer “down” the hierarchy to reach itsdestination. In these types of architectures there are signalbottlenecks in the transfer-up points and the transfer-down points. Itcosts too much in terms of area on the die to provide full accessbetween all lowest level resources and all the higher-level resources.The problem is usually managed by either providing very sparse accessacross hierarchies or introducing intermediate levels of hierarchy. Bothsolutions result in routing inflexibility and delay penalties.

Hence, there is a need in the art for a multi-level hierarchical routingarchitecture that provides full access between the lower-level resourcesand the higher-level resources at almost no additional cost.

SUMMARY OF THE SYSTEM

The presently disclosed system is an apparatus comprising a multi-levelrouting architecture having dedicated transmitters and receivers.

In one aspect of the present invention, a routing architecture in afield programmable gate array (FPGA) is disclosed as having a pluralityof logic clusters, wherein each logic cluster has at least twosub-clusters. The logic clusters are arranged in rows and columns andeach logic cluster has a plurality of receiver components, a pluralityof transmitter components, at least one buffer module, at least onesequential logic component and at least one combinatorial logiccomponent. A first-level routing architecture is programmably coupled tothe logic clusters and a second-level routing architecture isprogrammably coupled to the logic clusters and to the first-levelrouting architecture through at least one of the transmitter componentsand at least one of the receiver components.

A better understanding of the features and advantages of the presentinvention will be obtained by reference to the following detaileddescription of the invention and accompanying drawings which set forthan illustrative embodiment in which the principles of the invention areutilized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an FPGA core tile incorporatingthe routing channel architecture having transmitters and receivers (notshown), as disclosed in the present system.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an illustrative FPGA including multiplecore tiles 100 as shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a logic cluster of the presentsystem as shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of the multilevel routingarchitecture of the present system through a logic cluster of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a transmitter module (TX) ina logic cluster as shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating the TX modulepatterns between two logic cluster rows and two logic cluster columns.

FIG. 7 is a simplified schematic diagram of a receiver module (RX) in alogic cluster as shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating the RX modulepatterns between two logic cluster rows and two logic cluster columns.

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of an input/output (I/O) cluster ofthe present invention.

FIG. 10 is a simplified schematic diagram of an I/O cluster transmitter(TY) module in a input/output cluster as shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating the I/O clusterTY module patterns between two logic cluster rows and two logic clustercolumns.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the followingdescription of the present invention is illustrative only and not in anyway limiting. Other embodiments of the invention will readily suggestthemselves to such skilled persons.

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an FPGA 10 having one core tile100 incorporating routing channel architecture (not shown) havingdedicated transmitters and receivers, as disclosed in the presentsystem. As shown in FIG. 1, core tile 100 comprises an array of logicclusters 110, a column of routed clock clusters 112, a row of hard-wiredclock clusters 114, a clock tile cluster 116, a row of RAM clusters 108,RAM memory 106. FPGA core tile 100 is surrounded by two rows ofinput/output (I/O) clusters 104 and I/O banks 102. In FIG. 1, edges ofthe device shown are referred to in terms of compass directions, forexample, the top edge is designated the “north” side of the device. Onthe north and south edges surrounding FPGA core tile 100 there are eightphase-locked-loop clusters (PLL clusters) 120.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an illustrative FPGA 10 including multiplecore tiles 100 as shown as an example in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, theFPGA device comprises four core tiles 100, though other numbers of tilesare possible. Core tiles 100 are surrounded by I/O clusters 104 and I/Obanks 102.

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a logic module of the presentsystem. Logic cluster 110 comprises two sub-clusters 120 and 122.Sub-clusters 120 and 122 each contain two logic components 124, aflip-flop 126, two receiver (RX) modules 130 and two transmitter (TX)modules 132. Logic cluster 110 also comprises a buffer module 128.Receiver modules 130 and transmitter modules 132 will be discussed ingreater detail below.

To avoid overcomplicating the disclosure and thereby obscuring thepresent invention buffer module 128 is not described in detail herein.The implementation of buffer module 128 suitable for use according tothe present system is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/293,895, filed Nov. 12, 2002, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,727,726,and hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of an embodiment of amulti-level routing architecture 200 of the present system through alogic cluster 110 of FIG. 1. Multi-level routing architecture 200 hasmultiple levels of routing architecture running over each row and columnof logic clusters 110. In this illustrative example, there are twolevels of routing architecture. In the horizontal routing channelthrough logic cluster 110, there are eight first-level horizontalchannels 204 spanning each logic cluster 110. Individual first-levelhorizontal channels in first-level horizontal channels 204 have avarying number of tracks. In addition, there is an output routingchannel 209, a set of horizontal tracks 208 coupled to ground and Vcc,wherein Vcc may be a programming or operating voltage, respectively, anda routed clock channel 206. The routed clock tracks 206 may drive theclock, preset and enable (not shown) pins of flip-flop 126 in logiccluster 110 as shown in FIG. 3.

Four second-level channels 202 cover each row of logic clusters 110spanning the entire width of FPGA core 100 (as shown in FIG. 1). Eachsecond-level routing channel 202 has five tracks. The second-levelhorizontal channels 202 contain a track coupled to Vcc 203 for tie-offsof unused buffer inputs (discussed in greater detail below).

In the vertical routing channel through logic cluster 110, there are twofirst-level horizontal channels, divided into a left, first-levelvertical channel 212 and a right, first-level vertical channel 214,spanning each logic cluster 110. Left, first-level vertical channel 212comprises four sets of tracks each having a varying number of tracks.Right, first-level vertical channel 214 comprises three sets of trackseach having a varying number of tracks. In addition, there is a set ofvertical tracks 208 coupled to ground 216 and Vcc 218, and twohard-wired clock channels 220 and 222 respectively. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 4, the hard-wired clock tracks 220 and 222 are coupled tothe clock pins in at least one flip-flop 126 in each logic cluster 110as shown in FIG. 3. Eight second-level vertical channels 210 cover eachcolumn of logic clusters 110 spanning the entire width of FPGA core 100(as shown in FIG. 1). Each second-level vertical routing channel 210 hasfive tracks.

FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a transmitter module (TX) asshown in FIG. 3. Transmitter module 250 provides transmission capabilityto second-level horizontal channels 256 and second-level verticalchannels 268. Transmitter module 250 comprises a three-input AND gate276. One input of three-input AND gate 276 is coupled to first-levelhorizontal channel 258 in the same row 254 as transmitter module 250 andanother input of three-input AND gate is coupled to first-levelhorizontal channel 258 in the row 252 above transmitter module 250.Therefore, transmitter module 250 may receive a signal from first-levelhorizontal channel 258 in the same row as transmitter module 250 or fromthe row above by programming one of either programmable elements 284 or286. The third input of three-input AND gate 276 may be coupled toeither second-level horizontal channel 256 in row 254 or second-levelvertical channel 268. Three-input AND gate has an output coupled to aninput of buffer 282. Buffer 282 has an output coupled to eithersecond-level vertical channel through programmable elements 288 and 290or to second-level horizontal channel in row 254 through programmableelements 282 and 275. As those of ordinary skill in the art having thebenefit of this disclosure will recognize, direct address devices 270,272, 278 and 280 are employed to program the respective programmableelements.

As stated above, transmitter module 250 may receive a signal fromfirst-level horizontal channel 258 in the same row as transmitter module250 or from the row above by programming either programmable elements284 or 286. In one illustrative example, if programmable element 284 isprogrammed to receive a signal from first-level horizontal channel 258,programmable element 286 is left unprogrammed and is either coupled toVcc or ground through track 264 and 362 respectively in row 254. Thesignal is received through a first input of three-input AND gate 276.The second and third inputs of three-input AND gate 276 are tied to Vcc.The signal received from horizontal channel 258 in row 252 is thenpassed through buffer 282 and either routed to a second-level verticalchannel 268 through programmable elements 288 and 290 or to asecond-level horizontal channel 256 in row 254 through programmableelements 288 and 275. Thus, transmitter module 250 is programmablycouplable to second-level vertical tracks 268 at intersection 292through programmable elements 290 and programmably couplable tosecond-level horizontal tracks at intersection 294 through programmableelements 275. As one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit ofthis disclosure will recognize, not all programmable elements in groups288, 290, 275 and 294 will be programmed at once. This example isillustrative only, the actual circuit programmed through theprogrammable elements will depend on the user circuit mapped into theFPGA core.

Transmitter module 250 may also transfer a signal between second-levelvertical channel 268 and second-level horizontal channel 256 in the samerow 254 as transmitter module 250 and vice versa. For example, if asignal travels between second-level vertical channel 268 andsecond-level horizontal channel 256, one of programmable elements 290 isprogrammed and one of programmable elements 274 is programmed and fedthrough a second input of three-input AND gate 276. The other two inputsof three-input AND gate are tied to Vcc via track 264. The signal fromsecond-level vertical channel travels through three-input AND gate 276through buffer 282 and is transferred to second-level horizontal channelthrough one of programmable elements 288 and one of programmableelements 275.

As is clearly illustrated in FIG. 5, the coupling between transmittermodule 250 and only one channel (5 tracks) in each second-level verticalchannel 268 and second-level horizontal channel is shown. Therepresentation shown is illustrative of all connections between alleight channels in second-level vertical channel 268 and all fourchannels in second-level horizontal channel 256.

FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating the TX modulepatterns between two logic cluster rows and two logic cluster columns.TX modules 250 are coupled to every other second-level vertical channel308 within the same logic cluster column 302. The second-level verticalchannel alternates over odd and even rows as illustrated in FIG. 6. Apattern such as described in the present invention allows for a moreflexible routing structure and provides improved signal coveragethroughout the FPGA. For example, all eight second level verticalchannels have equal access to first level channels every two rows. Inaddition, any second level horizontal channel has access to any secondlevel vertical channel and vise versa. The pattern allows the transferof signals from all channels to all other channels in a vertical orhorizontal direction.

FIG. 7 is a simplified schematic diagram of the interconnectarchitecture 400 of a receiver module (RX) 410 as shown in FIG. 3.Receiver module 410 comprises a buffer 412. Buffer 412 has an input 422coupled to one of either second-level horizontal channel 413 throughprogrammable elements 414 in the same row as RX 410 or second-levelvertical channel 416 through programmable elements 418 in same logiccluster column RX 410. Buffer 412 has an output 424 coupled to its ownoutput track 420. Output track 420 is coupled to the first-level routingarchitecture. Therefore, RX module 410 receives a signal from the secondlevel routing architecture and transfers the signal back into thefirst-level routing architecture. As one of ordinary skill in the arthaving the benefit of this disclosure will recognize, not allprogrammable elements in groups 414 and 418 will be programmed at once.This example is illustrative only, the actual circuit programmed throughthe programmable elements will depend on the user circuit mapped intothe FPGA core.

As is clearly illustrated in FIG. 7, the coupling between receivermodule 410 and one channel (a set of five tracks) in each second-levelvertical channel 416 and second-level horizontal channel 413 is shown.The representation shown is illustrative of all connections between alleight second-level vertical channels 416 and all four second-levelhorizontal channels 413.

FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating the receivermodule patterns between two logic cluster rows and two logic clustercolumns as illustrated in FIG. 1. Each receiver module 410 is coupled totwo second-level vertical channels 416 and two second-level horizontalchannels 412 in the same logic cluster column. A pattern such asdescribed in the present invention allows for a more flexible routingstructure and provides improved signal coverage throughout the FPGA. Forexample, the receiver module 410 patterns between two logic cluster rowsand two logic cluster columns allows for every vertical channel totransfer signals to two horizontal channels. The overlap patternillustrated in FIG. 8 allows for greater flexibility in the device. Forinstance, every vertical channel can turn into two horizontal channelsas stated above and receiver module 410 can transfer a signal down to afirst level routing channel from any two horizontal channels and any twovertical channels. Thus, there is double coverage on horizontalchannels.

FIG. 9 is a simplified block diagram of an input/output (I/O) cluster ofFIGS. 1 and 2. I/O cluster 104 comprises two sub-clusters 502 and 504.Sub-cluster 502 includes an input/output module 506, two receivermodules 508 and transmitter module 510. Sub-cluster 504 includes aninput/output module 506, two receiver modules 508, transmitter module510 and a buffer module 512. Receiver module 508 in I/O cluster 104 isidentical to receiver module 410 illustrated in FIG. 7 above.

To avoid overcomplicating the disclosure and thereby obscuring thepresent invention buffer module 512 is not described in detail herein.The implementation of buffer module 512 suitable for use according tothe present system is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/293,895, filed Nov. 12, 2002, by inventor William C. Plants, entitled“BUFFER MODULE AND A METHOD OF DISTRIBUTING BUFFER MODULES IN ANANTIFUSE FPGA”, and hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 10 is a simplified schematic diagram of an I/O cluster transmitter(TY) module of the I/O cluster 104 of FIG. 9. TY module 650 is identicalto transmitter (TX) module 250 of FIG. 5 except that TY module 650 hasaccess to two second-level vertical channels 668 and two second-levelhorizontal channels 656 in the same row 654.

Transmitter module 650 provides transmission capability to second-levelhorizontal channels 656 and second-level vertical channels 668.Transmitter module 650 comprises a three-input AND gate 676. One inputof transmitter module is coupled to first-level horizontal channel 658in the same row as transmitter module 650 and another input ofthree-input AND gate is coupled to first-level horizontal channel 658 inthe row above transmitter module 650. Therefore, transmitter module 650may receive a signal from first-level horizontal channel 658 in the samerow as transmitter module 650 or from the row above by programmingeither programmable elements 684 or 686. The third input of three-inputAND gate 676 may be coupled to either second-level horizontal channel656 in row 654 or second-level vertical channel 668. Three-input ANDgate has an output coupled to an input of buffer 682. Buffer 682 has anoutput coupled to either second-level vertical channel throughprogrammable elements 688 and 690 or to second-level horizontal channelin row 654 through programmable elements 682 and 675. As those ofordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure willrecognize, direct address devices 670, 672, 678 and 680 are employed toprogram the respective programmable elements.

As stated above, transmitter module 650 may receive a signal fromfirst-level horizontal channel 658 in the same row as transmitter module650 or from the row above by programming either programmable elements684 or 686. In one illustrative example, if programmable element 684 isprogrammed to receive a signal from first-level horizontal channel 658,programmable element 686 is left unprogrammed and is either coupled toVcc or ground through tracks 664 or 662 respectively in row 654. Thesignal is received through a first input of three-input AND gate 676.The second and third inputs of three-input AND gate 676 are tied toeither Vcc or ground. The signal received from horizontal channel 658 inrow 652 is then transmitted through buffer 682 and either routed to atwo channels in second-level vertical channel 668 through programmableelements 688 and 690 or to two channels in second-level horizontalchannel 656 in row 654 through programmable elements 688 and 675. Thus,transmitter module 650 is programmably couplable to second-levelvertical tracks 668 at intersection 692 through programmable elements690 and programmably couplable to second-level horizontal tracks atintersection 694 through programmable elements 675. As one of ordinaryskill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure will recognize,not all programmable elements in groups 688, 690, 675 and 694 will beprogrammed at once. This example is illustrative only, the actualcircuit programmed through the programmable elements will depend on theuser circuit mapped into the FPGA core.

Transmitter module 650 may also transfer a signal from one of twochannels in second-level vertical channel 668 to one of two channels insecond-level horizontal channel 656 in the same row 654 as transmittermodule 650 and vice versa. For example, if a signal travels fromsecond-level vertical channel 668 to second-level horizontal channel656, one of programmable elements 690 is programmed and one ofprogrammable elements 674 is programmed and fed through a second inputof three-input AND gate 676. The other two inputs of three-input ANDgate are tied to either Vcc or ground via track 662 and 664. The signalfrom second-level vertical channel travels through three-input AND gate676 through buffer 682 and is transferred to second-level horizontalchannel through one of programmable elements 688 and one of programmableelements 675.

As is clearly illustrated in FIG. 10, only one example of possiblecombinations of coupling choices between transmitter module 650 and twochannels in second-level vertical channel 268 and two channels insecond-level horizontal channel is shown. The representation shown isillustrative of all connections between all eight channels insecond-level vertical channel 668 and all four channels in second-levelhorizontal channel 656.

FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating the I/O clustertransmitter module 650 patterns between two logic cluster rows and twologic cluster columns. Transmitter modules 650 are coupled to every twosecond-level horizontal channels 702 within the same logic clustercolumn 302. The second-level vertical channel alternates over odd andeven columns as illustrated in FIG. 11.

It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments ofthe disclosed method and apparatus descried herein maybe employed inpracticing the disclosed method and using the disclosed apparatus. It isintended that the following claims define the scope of the disclosedmethod and apparatus and that methods and structures within the scope ofthese claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

1. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) comprising: a plurality oflogic clusters arranged in rows and columns, each logic clustercomprising: a plurality of receiver modules, a plurality of transmittermodules, at least one buffer module, at least one sequential logiccomponent, and a first combinatorial logic component; a first-levelrouting architecture programmably coupled to said logic clusters; and asecond-level routing architecture programmably coupled to thefirst-level routing architecture through at least one of saidtransmitter modules and at least one of said receiver modules, whereinat least one of said plurality of transmitter modules can transmitsignals from said first-level routing architecture to said second-levelrouting architecture and can transmit signals from a vertical channel ofsaid second-level routing architecture to a plurality of horizontalchannels of said second-level routing architecture.
 2. The FPGA of claim1, wherein at least one of said plurality of transmitter modulescomprises: an AND gate having three inputs and an output, wherein atleast one of said inputs is coupled to said first-level routingarchitecture and one of said inputs is coupled to said second-levelrouting architecture; and a buffer module having an input coupled tosaid output of said AND gate and an output coupled to said second-levelrouting architecture.
 3. The FPGA of claim 2, wherein at least one ofsaid plurality of receiver modules comprises: a buffer having an inputcoupled to said second-level routing architecture and an output coupledto an output track in said first-level routing architecture, wherein atleast one of said plurality of receiver modules can receive signals fromsaid second-level routing architecture and transmit said signals to saidfirst-level routing architecture.
 4. The FPGA of claim 2, wherein saidtransmitter modules are coupled to every other second-level verticalchannel within the same logic cluster column.
 5. The FPGA of claim 1,wherein said first-level routing architecture and said second-levelrouting architecture each comprises vertical channels and horizontalchannels programmably coupled to said logic clusters.
 6. The FPGA ofclaim 5, wherein: any horizontal channel in said second-level routingarchitecture has access to any vertical channel in said second-levelrouting architecture; and any vertical channel in said second-levelrouting architecture has access to any horizontal channel in saidsecond-level routing architecture.
 7. The FPGA of claim 1, furthercomprising: a plurality of input/output clusters, each input/outputcluster comprising: an input/output module; a plurality of receivermodules; a transmitter module; and a buffer module.
 8. A method ofproviding a field programmable gate array (FPGA) comprising: providing aplurality of logic clusters arranged in rows and columns, each logiccluster comprising: a plurality of receiver modules, a plurality oftransmitter modules, at least one buffer module, at least one sequentiallogic component, and a first combinatorial logic component; providing afirst-level routing architecture programmably coupled to said logicclusters; and providing a second-level routing architecture programmablycoupled to the first-level routing architecture through at least one ofsaid transmitter modules and at least one of said receiver modules,wherein at least one of said plurality of transmitter modules cantransmit signals from said first-level routing architecture to saidsecond-level routing architecture and can transmit signals from avertical channel of said second-level routing architecture to aplurality of horizontal channels of said second-level routingarchitecture.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of saidplurality of transmitter modules comprises: an AND gate having threeinputs and an output, wherein at least one of said inputs is coupled tosaid first-level routing architecture and one of said inputs is coupledto said second-level routing architecture; and a buffer module having aninput coupled to said output of said AND gate and an output coupled tosaid second-level routing architecture.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein at least one of said plurality of receiver modules comprises: abuffer having an input coupled to said second-level routing architectureand an output coupled to an output track in said first-level routingarchitecture, wherein at least one of said plurality of receiver modulescan receive signals from said second-level routing architecture andtransmit said signals to said first-level routing architecture.
 11. Themethod of claim 9, wherein said transmitter modules are coupled to everyother second-level vertical channel within the same logic clustercolumn.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein said first-level routingarchitecture and said second-level routing architecture each comprisesvertical channels and horizontal channels programmably coupled to saidlogic clusters.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein: any horizontalchannel in said second-level routing architecture has access to anyvertical channel in said second-level routing architecture; and anyvertical channel in said second-level routing architecture has access toany horizontal channel in said second-level routing architecture. 14.The method of claim 8, further comprising: providing a plurality ofinput/output clusters, each input/output cluster comprising: aninput/output module; a plurality of receiver modules; a transmittermodule; and a buffer module.